| 2011/03/13 |
| 【泰國世界日報/社論】 自美蘇冷戰結束後,本來天下太平,結果火頭再現,再現的地點,竟然是過去被人忽略的中東與北非。這個阿拉伯世界,地理上位於東方與西方交界,特別是蘇伊士運河,有戰略上的價值,能源方面,是石油與天然氣的來源地,有經濟上的地位,到了最後,又發現凱達組織原來發源於此,如是又有政治上的意味,是美國必爭之地。 到了最近,連到一向平靜,但絕非平和的利比亞,竟然爆發革命,演變為內戰,利比亞雖然是產油國,產量雖然只占全球的2%,卻佔歐洲國家需求量很大比重,通常在10%以上,對面的義大利,竟然高達24%,如今突然減產,等於使歐洲缺油。如是歐洲多個國家,都主張介入利比亞事件。 主導阿拉伯世界的是皇權、軍權與神權,目前仍有60%的國家,是由皇族統治,伊朗則是神權主導,其餘的都是軍人當政,這些軍人其實都是軍閥,利用民怨,以軍權取代皇權,但取得以後,竟然謀取權位的世襲,無疑是皇權的復辟,被推翻的埃及穆巴拉克,突尼西亞的班阿里,便是例子,利比亞的格達費,瀕臨倒台,原因是他的家族已變皇族。 伊朗的神權政治,正在阿拉伯世界中擴散,巴林的示威,就是占多數的什葉派教徒對高層的遜尼派的反擊,埃及最強大的反對勢力穆斯林兄弟,亦受伊朗的指使。由於最大國沙烏地阿拉伯與巴林相連,國內的什葉派亦蠢蠢欲動。因此美國的策略,是培植區內的軍閥,去加強統治,亦扶植區內的皇族,去維持管治,如是沙烏地阿拉伯與巴林的皇族,埃及的軍閥,都成了美國的至愛,伊朗的神權卻受到壓抑。 如是阿拉伯世界出現美國扶植的均衡勢力,穩定政治,美國可利用區內的若干基地,第五艦隊甚至可以長駐巴林,美國可取得穩定兼長期的石油供應,美元亦成為石油交易貨幣,美元更從而成為國際的第一貨幣,如是美國在阿拉伯世界,軍事上、經濟上、以至政治上,都取得主導權。 只是到了今天,這種主導權已受到挑戰。事緣阿拉伯世界,亦有貧富之別,富國有卡達、阿聯酋、科威特、巴林、沙烏地阿拉伯與阿曼,人均生產值在1萬美元以上,中等國家是敘利亞、黎巴嫩、利比亞,只有6-7000美元,其餘是貧國,貧國的識字率,只有50-60%,就算是富國,亦只有80%,因此是民智未開,如是民權不張,這次的革命,未有反對黨派的領導,中產階級的支持,亦缺乏西方的民主意識,使伊斯蘭教極端分子,有機可乘,而革命的源頭,主要在民怨過深的國家,亦是伊斯蘭教極端分子的溫床。 那麼在民怨不深,民生可保的富國,豈非可以安枕無憂。非也,在巴林,革命之火已開始燃燒,而阿曼的群眾,亦有異動的跡象,就算皇權可以暫保,亦很難隔絕神權的入侵。還有,在反美的國家,諸如敘利亞、黎巴嫩、巴勒斯坦等,甚至伊朗,居然可以安渡危機,這又是否意味美國,以至歐洲勢力的衰退呢? 油價上升,影響歐美的經濟復甦,貨幣波動,危及歐美的借貸市場,埃及變天後,居然容許伊朗戰艦駛經蘇伊士運河,那麼下一幕又會不會是美元地位的變天呢? 【2011-03-12/泰國世界日報】 |
2011年3月22日 星期二
阿拉伯世界面臨重新洗牌的變局 (聯合新聞網)
2011年3月19日 星期六
激勵自己最有效的20個方法
1、塑造自我
2、清晰地規劃
3、自我激勵
一旦掌握自我激勵,自我塑造的過程也就隨即開始。以下方法可以幫你塑造自我,塑造那個你一直夢寐以求的自我。
4、樹立遠景
邁向自我塑造的第一步,要有一個你每天早晨醒來為之奮鬥的目標,它應是你人生的目標。遠景必須即刻著手建立,而不要往後拖。你隨時可以按自己的想法做些改變,但不能一刻沒有遠景。
5、離開舒適區
不斷尋求挑戰激勵自己。提防自己不要倒在舒適區。舒適區只是避風港,不是安樂窩。它只是你心中準備迎接下次挑戰之前刻意放鬆自己和恢復元氣的地方。
6、把握好情緒
人開心的時候,體內就會發生奇妙的變化,從而獲得新的動力和力量。但是,不要總想在自身之外尋開心。令你開心的事不在別處,就在你身上。因此,找出自身的情緒高漲期用來不斷激勵自己。
7、調高目標
許多人驚奇地發現,他們之所以達不到自己孜孜以求的目標,是因為他們的主要目標太小、而且太模糊不清,使自己失去動力。如果你的主要目標不能激發你的想像力,目標的實現就會遙遙無期。因此,真正能激勵你奮發向上的是,確立一個既宏偉又具體的遠大目標。
8、加強緊迫感
20世紀作者Anais Nin(阿耐斯)曾寫道:“沉溺生活的人沒有死的恐懼”。自以為長命百歲無益于你享受人生。然而,大多數人對此視而不見,假裝自己的生命會綿延無絕。惟有心血來潮的那天,我們才會籌畫大事業,將我們的目標和夢想寄託在Denis Waitley(鄧尼斯)稱之為“虛幻島”的汪洋大海之中。其實,直面死亡未必要等到生命耗盡時的臨終一刻。事實上,如果能****真地想像我們的彌留之際,會物極必反產生一種再生的感覺,這是塑造自我的第一步。
9、撇開朋友
對於那些不支援你目標的“朋友”,要敬而遠之。你所交往的人會改變你的生活。與憤世嫉俗的人為伍,他們就會拉你沉淪。結交那些希望你快樂和成功的人,你就在追求快樂和成功的路上邁出最重要的一步。對生活的熱情具有感染力。因此同樂觀的人為伴能讓我們看到更多的人生希望。
10、迎接恐懼
世上最秘而不宣的秘密是,戰勝恐懼後迎來的是某種安全有益的東西。哪怕克服的是小小的恐懼,也會增強你對創造自己生活能力的信心。如果一味想避開恐懼,它們會象瘋狗一樣對我們窮追不捨。此時,最可怕的莫過於雙眼一閉假裝它們不存在。做好調整計畫實現目標的道路絕不是坦途。它總是呈現出一條波浪線,有起也有落。但你可以安排自己的休整點。事先看看你的時間表,框出你放鬆、調整、恢復元氣的時間。即使你現在感覺不錯,也要做好調整計畫。這才是明智之舉。在自己的事業波峰時,要給自己安排休整點。安排出一大段時間讓自己隱退一下,即使是離開自己摯愛的工作也要如此。只有這樣,在你重新投入工作時才能更富激情。
11、直面困難
每一個解決方案都是針對一個問題的。二者缺一不可。困難對於腦力運動者來說,不過是一場場艱辛的比賽。真正的運動者總是盼望比賽。如果把困難看作對自己的詛咒,就很難在生活中找到動力。如果學會了把握困難帶來的機遇,你自然會動力陡生。首先要感覺好多數人認為,一旦達到某個目標,人們就會感到身心舒暢。但問題是你可能永遠達不到目標。把快樂建立在還不曾擁有的事情上,無異于剝奪自己創造快樂的權力。記住,快樂是天賦權利。首先就要有良好的感覺,讓它使自己在塑造自我的整個旅途中充滿快樂,而不要再等到成功的最後一刻才去感受屬於自己的歡樂。
12、加強排練
先“排演”一場比你要面對的琿要複雜的戰鬥。如果手上有棘手活而自己又猶豫不決,不妨挑件更難的事先做。生活挑戰你的事情,你定可以用來挑戰自己。這樣,你就可以自己開闢一條成功之路。成功的真諦是:對自己越苛刻,生活對你越寬容;對自己越寬容,生活對你越苛刻。
13、立足現在
鍛煉自己即刻行動的能力。充分利用對現時的認知力。不要沉浸在過去,也不要耽溺于未來,要著眼於今天。當然要有夢想、籌畫和制訂創造目標的時間。不過,這一切就緒後,一定要學會腳踏實地、注重眼前的行動。要把整個生命凝聚在此時此刻。
14、敢於競爭
競爭給了我們寶貴的經驗,無論你多麼出色,總會人外有人。所以你需要學會謙虛。努力勝過別人,能使自己更深地認識自己;努力勝過別人,便在生活中加入了競爭“遊戲”。不管在哪裡,都要參與競爭,而且總要滿懷快樂的心情。要明白最終超越別人遠沒有超越自己更重要。
15、內省
大多數人通過別人對自己的印象和看法來看自己。獲得別人對自己的反映很不錯,尤其正面回饋。但是,僅憑別人的一面之辭,把自己的個人形象建立在別人身上,就會面臨嚴重束縛自己的危險。因此,只把這些溢美之詞當作自己生活中的點綴。人生的棋局該由自己來擺。不要從別人身上找尋自己,應該經常自省並塑造自我。
16、挑戰自我
危機能激發我們竭盡全力。無視這種現象,我們往往會愚蠢地創造一種追求舒適的生活,努力設計各種越來越輕鬆的生活方式,使自己生活得風平浪靜。當然,我們不必坐等危機或悲劇的到來,從內心挑戰自我是我們生命力量的源泉。聖女貞德(Joan of Arc )說過:“所有戰鬥的勝負首先在自我的心裡見分曉。”
17、精工細筆
創造自我,如繪巨幅畫一樣,不要怕精工細筆。如果把自己當作一幅正在描繪中傑作,你就會樂於從細微處做改變。一件小事做得與眾不同,也會令你興奮不已。總之,無論你有多麼小的變化,點點都於你很重要。
18、不要怕犯錯
有時候我們不做一件事,是因為我們沒有把握做好。我們感到自己“狀態不佳”或精力不足時,往往會把必須做的事放在一邊,或靜等靈感的降臨。你可不要這樣。如果有些事你知道需要做卻又提不起勁,儘管去做,不要怕犯錯。給自己一點自嘲式幽默。抱一種打趣的心情來對待自己做不好的事情,一旦做起來了儘管樂在其中。
19、不要害怕拒絕
不要消極接受別人的拒絕,而要積極面對。你的要求卻落空時,把這種拒絕當作一個問題:“自己能不能更多一點創意呢?”不要聽見不字就打退堂鼓。應該讓這種拒絕激勵你更大的創造力。
20、儘量放鬆
接受挑戰後,要儘量放鬆。在腦電波開始平和你的中樞神經系統時,你可感受到自己的內在動力在不斷增加。你很快會知道自己有何收穫。自己能做的事,不必祈求上天賜予你勇氣,放鬆可以產生迎接挑戰的勇氣。
2011年3月16日 星期三
澄清傳播媒體對伊斯蘭的誤解與偏見by Tammam Adi
Imam Tammam Adi Ph.D of the Islamic Cultural Center, Eugene, Oregon, tackles widespread misconceptions and stereotypes about Muslims and Islam and the sets out the reality.
Allah: Just means God in Arabic, the same God we all worship.
jihad: Often mistranslated "holy war," especially against the West, the more accurate Arabic meaning is "struggle." Jihad is the struggle to control one's lower instincts. Jihad also means to use a fair war to give a nation freedom of religion if all other means fail. Islam's main proclamation is "No compulsion in religion" Koran 2:255. The Afghani Mujahideen (those who do jihad) fought against the atheist Russians to keep their freedom of religion. Unfortunately, chaos ensued.
extremism: "We made you a nation that should take the middle way in all its affairs before all humanity . . ." (2:143) "God does not love the excessive ones." (6:141)
suicide "martyrdom": "Do not kill yourselves." (4:29). Self-killers are condemned to hell. Even killing oneself to end extreme pain is unacceptable. Some radical sects, considered non-Muslim by most, view suicide-killing as legitimate.
martyrdom: A martyr (Arabic shaheed=witness) is somebody who dies as a witness for goodness or a witness against evil. A martyr testifies before God about the evil-doers that killed him/her and about the goodness his/her death creates in society.
terrorism: The punishment for those who wreak havoc is extremely harsh (5:33-34). Terrorism has as little to do with Islam as burning a cross to terrorize a black family has to do with Christianity. Terrorism is often done by haters of Islam, peace and justice to sabotage good Muslims causes such as peace settlements, democracy movements and modernization. No Islamic teaching supports terrorism.
on killing innocent people: "And do not kill the soul that God gave sanctity to except by law." (17:33) The Koran tells us that killing one person is like killing all humanity.
family values: Husbands and wives serve each other. Muslim families cherish traditional family values and close relations with the extended family. Women may work and own businesses, but the husband alone has the duty to provide for the family. Children are expected to take care of their parents when they get old.
treatment of women: Misinformation about this subject has fanned much of the hatred about Muslims. Here is what we are really taught: (1) Paradise is under the "feet" of the mother; (2) a good wife is half a man's religion, (3) men are ordered to "treat them in good ways," (Koran 4:19) and that, in the words of the Prophet Mohammed in his last sermon, (4) "the best of you is the one that is best to his wife."
four wives: Islam was the first religion to limit the number of wives. But the taking of more than one wife was meant to happen only when there was social necessity, such a during war times when there were a large number of widows and orphans. A husband is required to treat each wife with absolute fairness and equality and to have only one wife if he doubts he can be fair. Polygamy is illegal in America and, according to Islam, Muslims are bound by American law.
scarves for women: This is based on a verse in the Koran. "And let them spread their scarves over their shirt openings and not show their natural adornment . . ." (24:31) If Muslim women choose not to cover their head, there is no Islamic law punishing them or coercing them. Styles of dress are cultural and vary according to culture throughout the Islamic world.
female genital mutilation: This is found in some African countries and is a very painful tribal practice passed down to the present day. It is not based on Islamic teaching. Many Muslim women, such as the wife of the late Anwar Sadat, are working hard to eliminate the practice.
關於Tammam Adi Ph.D :
Tammam Adi Ph.D is the Director of the Islamic Cultural Center of Eugene, Oregon, USA. Originally from Syria, he is a computational linguist specializing in Arabic.
Allah: Just means God in Arabic, the same God we all worship.
jihad: Often mistranslated "holy war," especially against the West, the more accurate Arabic meaning is "struggle." Jihad is the struggle to control one's lower instincts. Jihad also means to use a fair war to give a nation freedom of religion if all other means fail. Islam's main proclamation is "No compulsion in religion" Koran 2:255. The Afghani Mujahideen (those who do jihad) fought against the atheist Russians to keep their freedom of religion. Unfortunately, chaos ensued.
extremism: "We made you a nation that should take the middle way in all its affairs before all humanity . . ." (2:143) "God does not love the excessive ones." (6:141)
suicide "martyrdom": "Do not kill yourselves." (4:29). Self-killers are condemned to hell. Even killing oneself to end extreme pain is unacceptable. Some radical sects, considered non-Muslim by most, view suicide-killing as legitimate.
martyrdom: A martyr (Arabic shaheed=witness) is somebody who dies as a witness for goodness or a witness against evil. A martyr testifies before God about the evil-doers that killed him/her and about the goodness his/her death creates in society.
terrorism: The punishment for those who wreak havoc is extremely harsh (5:33-34). Terrorism has as little to do with Islam as burning a cross to terrorize a black family has to do with Christianity. Terrorism is often done by haters of Islam, peace and justice to sabotage good Muslims causes such as peace settlements, democracy movements and modernization. No Islamic teaching supports terrorism.
on killing innocent people: "And do not kill the soul that God gave sanctity to except by law." (17:33) The Koran tells us that killing one person is like killing all humanity.
family values: Husbands and wives serve each other. Muslim families cherish traditional family values and close relations with the extended family. Women may work and own businesses, but the husband alone has the duty to provide for the family. Children are expected to take care of their parents when they get old.
treatment of women: Misinformation about this subject has fanned much of the hatred about Muslims. Here is what we are really taught: (1) Paradise is under the "feet" of the mother; (2) a good wife is half a man's religion, (3) men are ordered to "treat them in good ways," (Koran 4:19) and that, in the words of the Prophet Mohammed in his last sermon, (4) "the best of you is the one that is best to his wife."
four wives: Islam was the first religion to limit the number of wives. But the taking of more than one wife was meant to happen only when there was social necessity, such a during war times when there were a large number of widows and orphans. A husband is required to treat each wife with absolute fairness and equality and to have only one wife if he doubts he can be fair. Polygamy is illegal in America and, according to Islam, Muslims are bound by American law.
scarves for women: This is based on a verse in the Koran. "And let them spread their scarves over their shirt openings and not show their natural adornment . . ." (24:31) If Muslim women choose not to cover their head, there is no Islamic law punishing them or coercing them. Styles of dress are cultural and vary according to culture throughout the Islamic world.
female genital mutilation: This is found in some African countries and is a very painful tribal practice passed down to the present day. It is not based on Islamic teaching. Many Muslim women, such as the wife of the late Anwar Sadat, are working hard to eliminate the practice.
關於Tammam Adi Ph.D :
Tammam Adi Ph.D is the Director of the Islamic Cultural Center of Eugene, Oregon, USA. Originally from Syria, he is a computational linguist specializing in Arabic.
2011年1月10日 星期一
Political Islam in Malaysia: Official Islamic Movement and Non-Malays’ Response
Ya-Wen Yu
Abstract
Malaysia is a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country; the Malays and other indigenous people comprise about 61% of the population, The Chinese and The Indians constitute around 24% and 7% respectively, and other ethnic groups make up the rest. According to Samuel Huntington, Malaysia is located at the fault lines among Islamic, Chinese, and Hindu civilizations; however, the clash of civilizations seldom happened in Malaysia. Therefore, the author attempts to re-examine Huntington’s argument about the clash of civilization by means of the case study of Malaysia. First, the article briefly reviews the history of Malaysia. Secondly, it explores the causes, the historical development of the Islamic revival movements, and the effects the official Islamization movements in Malaysia. Thirdly, it discusses the concern and response of non-Malays (Chinese and Indian) on the reassertion of Islam in the Malaysia. Finally, the author analyzes the implication from the Malaysia case.
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Presented at the 82nd SPSA Annual Conference, Jan 5-8 2011, New Orleans, USA.
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Presented at the 82nd SPSA Annual Conference, Jan 5-8 2011, New Orleans, USA.
2010年12月2日 星期四
伊朗並非阿拉伯裔的伊斯蘭國家,你知道嗎?
目前世界上唯一的伊斯蘭國家就是伊朗,伊朗位於中東地區,是三大伊斯蘭什業派國家之一。一般人會認為信伊斯蘭的民族大概都是「阿拉伯人」,因而誤以為伊朗人也是阿拉伯裔、講阿拉伯語的阿拉伯民族;其實這是我們缺乏世界觀所犯下的誤解。其實伊朗在1935年之前叫作波斯,他們的多數族群為波斯裔(佔51%左右),屬於印歐血統的族裔;目前的官方語言為波斯語,也屬印歐語系,與閃含語系的阿拉伯語沒有同源關係。
另外,世界上還有一些伊斯蘭國家也不是「阿拉伯裔」的,例如:土耳其的多數種族屬於突厥裔的血統,語言為阿爾泰語系;中亞地區的土庫曼、亞塞拜然、烏茲別克等國也都以突厥裔為主;東南亞地區的穆斯林分佈在印尼、馬來西亞、汶萊、菲律賓南部和泰國南部以及一些在新加坡,他們大多屬於馬來裔,以上皆非阿拉伯裔的穆斯林。
那麼,哪些國家算是阿拉伯裔的伊斯蘭國家呢?筆者從Wikipedia得到的資訊是,阿拉伯世界包括以下國家:
另外,世界上還有一些伊斯蘭國家也不是「阿拉伯裔」的,例如:土耳其的多數種族屬於突厥裔的血統,語言為阿爾泰語系;中亞地區的土庫曼、亞塞拜然、烏茲別克等國也都以突厥裔為主;東南亞地區的穆斯林分佈在印尼、馬來西亞、汶萊、菲律賓南部和泰國南部以及一些在新加坡,他們大多屬於馬來裔,以上皆非阿拉伯裔的穆斯林。
那麼,哪些國家算是阿拉伯裔的伊斯蘭國家呢?筆者從Wikipedia得到的資訊是,阿拉伯世界包括以下國家:
2010年11月8日 星期一
如何認識及詮釋馬來西亞的伊斯蘭復興運動:新生代政治學者的反思
游雅雯
摘要
筆者透過自我反省學思歷程,以馬來西亞的伊斯蘭復興運動為案例,檢討當前西方主流政治學對於區域研究和伊斯蘭議題的研究盲點,並重新思考「先西方理論後在地經驗」及「從在地經驗反思西方理論」兩種途徑的適用性。筆者主張具西方中心觀點的理論以及政治學學科本位的研究方法,無法適當地幫助我們理解伊斯蘭復興運動。相較之下,「從在地經驗反思西方理論」的途徑則較為可行。筆者認為,在認識論面向,應該由研究個案的角度出發,蒐集當地資料、增加在地經驗,並且關注研究對象的多樣性及特殊性,讓不同的聲音被平等表述,才能盡可能地發掘出「本土知識」。在方法論上,為了提出較全面性的詮釋,筆者認為有必要進行跨學科的方法整合,蒐集多面向的證據。以研究馬來西亞伊斯蘭復興運動為例,研究者應該嘗試整合歷史學、政治學、文化研究等學科方法,透過歷史文獻整理、政治制度分析、論述分析、田野觀察法及深入訪談法的交互運用,才能提出較為深刻的學術觀點。
2010年5月8日 星期六
馬來西亞國旗解說

圖一 馬來亞國旗
馬來西亞自1950年5月19日開始使用該旗,當時還是「英屬馬來亞」(British Malaya)的「馬來亞聯邦」(Federation of Malaya)時期,共有十一個州,所以代表州數的星角與條紋數量都是十一。請見圖一。

圖二 馬來西亞國旗
後來馬來亞於1957年獨立,繼續沿用該旗作為國旗。1963年,馬來亞的領 土新增了新加坡、沙勞越、沙巴三州,總數增為十四州,星角與條紋也增為十四,並改名為「馬來西亞」(Malaysia)。1965年新加坡脫離馬來西亞獨 立,州數減為十三,但國旗上的星角與條紋沒有再更改,仍然維持十四到今天,並且將涵義修改為全國十三個州與聯邦政府的團結統一。請見圖二。
簡單而言,馬來西亞的國旗使用藍、白、紅三色,乃是受英國國旗的影響,因為英國國旗也是這個所組成。在國旗左上方藍色長方形象徵馬來亞各民族的統一與團 結。新月代表伊斯蘭教,象徵馬來西亞以信仰伊斯蘭教為主。十四個角的那顆星代表聯邦十三個州和聯邦領地,而紅白相間的橫條也有十四條,代表全國十三個州與 聯邦政府的團結統一。新月與十四角星皆使用黃色,因為黃色是馬來王室的專用顏色。
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